Ṭahārah of the Sole by Walking on Asphalt
Issue No.201-The sole of the foot or shoe does not become ṭāhir by walking on wooden floor as an obligatory precaution. However, it will become ṭāhir by walking on asphalt.
مقدمه
بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
1ـ رساله «توضیح المسائل» که متن نخستین آن توسّط چند تن از فضلاى حوزه علمیّه قم در عصر مرحوم آیة اللّه العظمى بروجردى ـ قدّس سرّه ـ بر طبق فتاواى ایشان تنظیم شد، گام مؤثّرى در طریق واضح ساختن احکام فقهى، براى اوّلین بار، جهت عموم مردم بود; چراکه هم اصطلاحات پیچیده مخصوص فقه که رساله هاى پیشین مملوّ از آن بود در توضیح المسائل وجود نداشت، و هم جمله بندى ها ساده و روشن، و در عین حال دقیق و منسجم بود; و به همین دلیل، اثر عمیقى در رغبت اقشار متدیّن نسبت به فهم مسائل دینى گذاشت.
بعد از «معظّم له»، مراجع بزرگ دیگر ـ کثّراللّه امثالهم ـ نیز ازآن متن استفاده کرده، با داخل نمودن فتاواى خود در متن مزبور، همان سنّت پسندیده را تعقیب کردند.
امّا از آنجا که جمله بندى هاى کتاب براى فتاواى مرحوم آیة اللّه العظمى بروجردى تهیّه شده بود، با مرور زمان و تلفیق با فتاواى بزرگان دیگر، ناهماهنگى هایى در آن به وجود آمد و سلاست و انسجام نخستین را از دست داد، تا آنجا که در این اواخر قسمت قابل توجّهى از «توضیح المسائل» دوباره شکل پیچیده به خود گرفت و فهم آن براى بعضى مشکل شد حتّى در بعضى از موارد، شاید تناقضهایى در آن به وجود آمد.
2ـ از سوى دیگر مشغله زیاد مراجع بزرگ، غالباً به آنها اجازه نمى داد که خودشان شخصاً تمام مسائل «توضیح» را بر فتاواى خود تطبیق و تغییرات لازم را در عبارات انجام دهند و این کار احیاناً زیر نظر فرد یا جمعى از فضلاى مورد اعتمادشان انجام مى شد و پیداست که طرز کار و دقّت این فضلا با خود مراجع فرق بسیار داشت هرچند هر دو از نظر شرعى حجّت بود.
3ـ از این گذشته، تغییرات تند و سریع جامعه سبب مى شد مسائلى که از محلّ ابتلا خارج شده بود و هنوز در آن به چشم مى خورد از توضیح المسائل خارج گردد و در عوض مسائل مهمّ مورد ابتلاء و حاجت به آن افزوده شود، تا جوابگوى نیازهاى مردم مسلمان در مسائل فقهى باشد.
در رساله حاضر این مشکلات بحمداللّه برطرف گشته و توضیح المسائل به طرز شایسته ترى عرضه شده است زیرا:
اوّلاً: با اصلاح کامل عبارات و بازنگرى دقیق، سلاست و انسجام و هماهنگى به توضیح المسائل بازگشته است.
ثانیاً: حضرت آیة اللّه العظمى مکارم شیرازى شخصاً بر تمام مسائل نظارت داشته و متون «توضیح» را با فتاواى خودشان که در «تعلیقات عروة الوثقى» آمده تطبیق نموده و مسائلى را که در عروه نبوده، بر آن افزوده اند و تمام عبارات را اصلاح کرده اند.
ثالثاً: مسائل غیر مورد ابتلاء از آن حذف و مسائل مورد حاجت به آن افزوده شده است و انشاءاللّه به صورتى درآمده که نفع آن عام و بهره گیرى از آن براى همه آسانتر باشد.
خداوند متعال به همه ما توفیق عمل به احکام اسلام و قرآن و سنّت پیغمبر اکرم(صلى الله علیه وآله)و ائمّه طاهرین(علیهم السلام) را عنایت فرماید و نیّت ما را خالص و در مسیر رضاى خودش قرار دهد!
«ناشر»
Issue No.201-The sole of the foot or shoe does not become ṭāhir by walking on wooden floor as an obligatory precaution. However, it will become ṭāhir by walking on asphalt.
Issue No.166- Fifth: The body, clothes and the place of sajdah (prostration) must be ṭāhir in prayer. This issue will also be explained in the section dealing with conditions for clothes worn in prayer and “place for prayer”.
Issue No.389- In ghusl by immersion, it is necessary, as an obligatory precaution, for the entire body to be ṭāhir. However, such is not necessary for the sequential ghusl, rather, it is sufficient if each part is ṭāhir before performing ghusl on it.
Issue No.1003- [Ṣalawāt] Bestowing peace and blessing upon the holy prophet and his holy progeny (ṣ) during prayer, after prayer and in any situation is highly recommended. It is also recommended that whenever a person hears or utters the sacred name of the holy Prophet of Islam, i.e., Muhammad, Ahmad, or his titles such as Mustafa or Abal Qāsim, he should recite Ṣalawāt, even though he may be offering prayer at that time.
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Issue No.426- Ḥayḍ, which is also called the monthly period, is a kind of blood which is discharged every month from the womb often for a few days, and is what the embryo feeds off of. A woman in her menses is called ‘ḥā’iḍ. There are rules for a ḥā’iḍ in the holy sharia of Islam that will be explained in the coming issues.
Issue No.457- There are six types of ḥā’iḍ women:1- A woman with a regular period (fixed time and duration): A woman who sees blood two consecutive months, each month at a particular time and for a fixed number of days. For example, in each month blood may be seen from the 1st up to the 7th of the month.2- A woman with a timely fixed period: A woman who sees blood two consecutive months, each month at a particular time but the number of days varies. For example, she sees menstrual blood for 5 days in one month and 7 days in another.3- A woman with a numeric fixed period: A woman who sees blood two consecutive months, each month for a particular number of days (e.g. 7 days) but the time of menstruation is not the same. For example, in the first month, the blood is seen on the 1st of the month and in the second one the blood is seen on the 10th of the month.4- A woman with an irregular period (in both number and time) [1] : A woman who has menstruated for a few months but is yet to have established a fixed period or whose former period has been disturbed and is yet to establish a new one.5- Menarcheal woman [2] : A woman who sees blood for the first time.6- Nāsīyah: A woman who has forgotten her menstrual period.Each of the above- mentioned groups have their own specific rules that will be explained in the upcoming issues.
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Issue No.78- Istibrā is a recommended act for men after urinating. One should press and move his finger along the penis up to the upper part a few times and the upper part is also pressed a few times so that the remaining drops of urine in the urethra are discharged. In order to do istibrā from semen after ejaculation, one should urinate until the remaining seminal particles in the urethra may exit.
Issue No.2394- The share of the inheritance of paternal and maternal uncles and aunts (provided that they are all of the same father and mother, as they are often so) can be mentioned briefly as follows:One paternal uncle or aunt [since he/she is the only heir] inherits the entire property. And if the heirs are several paternal uncles or aunts, they inherit the entire estate equally, and if there are both paternal uncles and paternal aunts, the paternal uncles get twice as much as paternal aunts. In case the heir is one maternal uncle or aunt, he/she inherits the entire property. If the heirs are several maternal uncles or aunts, or both, the property will be divided equally. However, if the heirs are paternal uncles and aunts together with maternal uncles and aunts, the paternal uncles and aunts take two shares, and the maternal uncles and aunts take one share. Every paternal uncle gets double the share of every aunt, but the shares of maternal uncles and maternal aunts are equal.
Issue No.1987- In a bail agreement, the consent of the person who owes something to someone else is not necessary, therefore, the consent of the debtor is not a condition.
Issue No. 2261- It is haram to eat dirt and mud. However, there is no harm in taking a small quantity (less than a pea) of the turbah of Imam al-Husayn (as) for the purpose of healing. It is also permissible to take Dāghestānī or Armenian clay as a medicine if there is no other alternative.